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1984
BBC 1954
" Love...suddenly...so suddenly. My victory. Love, love, love...I love Big Brother.." - Winston Smith
Probably the most controversial and shocking TV production of the 1950s with a blockbusting (for it's time) budget of £3,000 - the final cost being £3,249 - this adaptation of George Orwell's 1984 starred Peter Cushing as Winston Smith and was written by Nigel Kneale. Director and producer was the legendary Rudolph Cartier.

As standard for its period the production was broadcast live, with the second performance being telerecorded for posterity. The programme was a hugely ambitious piece - there where twenty-two sets which necessitated a more than usual amount of film sequences to allow cameras and actors to move from one set to the other. Instead of using stock music, as was usually standard practice, Cartier commissioned John Hotchkis to compose a score and conduct it during transmission at a cost of £300. Broadcast for the first time immediately after the popular panel quiz What's My Line the production attracted around nine million viewers and provoked a storm of criticism. Motions where tabled in Parliament and the press had a field day claiming watching the programme had resulted in the death of a forty year old woman. The day following its transmission the BBC current affairs programme Panorama covered the controversy with the BBC Head of Drama, Michael Barry, defending the play.

Even BBC staff showed concern over the strength of the material. During pre-production designer Barry Learoyd wrote to Micheal Barry stating : " This really is none of my business, but I'm working on 1984 and I feel so strongly about it that I wonder if others will not do the same. Every time I refer to the script I feel it should not be put on." Despite the hue and cry Micheal Barry decided to go ahead with the planned second broadcast without altering or making any cuts to the script. Unsurprisingly the viewing audience was even higher, attracting the largest number of ratings since The Queen's Coronation. Cartier defended the tone of the show in an interview with The Daily Express : "Our job was to shake, and if we have succeeded shaking half the nation then we have done the job we set out to do. It was right and wise to put this terrible vision before the largest possible audience - as a warning against totalitarianism in all its forms."

Reviewing the production on Monday 13th December The Daily Telegraph gave the production an favorable review: "The final scenes, depicting the brain washing of a diversionist by torture, both physical and psychological, achieved an almost unbearable reality. As the revolutionary Winston Smith, who longs for the freedom of the forgotten past and commits the crime of love, Peter Cushing gave a remarkable performance, being epsecially convincing in his prtrayal of fear." Elsewhere the Evening Standard as "A landmark in the at-present short history of television drama." Letters to the BBC itself told a different story with many of the correspondence condemning and angry in tone: "Unspeakably putrid. I hope you will not again pollute the air with similiar muck."

Special effects for the programme were provided by the pioneering BBC effects men Bernard Wilkie and Jack Kine who had previously worked on The Quatermass Experiment and would go on to establish the BBC Visual Effects Department as televised drama began to demand more work of this nature. Amongst their responsibilities was the rats used during the torture of Winston in Room 101. They initially used brown rats, but these went to sleep under the studio lights. Two white rats were purchased from a pet shop which where made up with cocoa powder and enticed to rush towards Winston's face with the aid of smeared fruit juices. The play recieved a third broadcast in July 1977 as part of BBC Two's celebration of the Queen's Silver Jubilee. In 1984 there was a screening at the National Film Theatre together with the 1954 film version. In 1986 during the celebrations to mark fifty years of television the BBC was refused permission to rescreen the production by Virgin Films who had produced an updated film version starring John Hurt and feared the screening may effect profits. The final broadcast of the production was on July 1st 1994 to mark the death of Rudolph Cartier
.

Copyright on George Orwell's work was meant to have expired in 2000 leaving the BBC free to transmit or release on video or DVD their outstanding 1954 production. However a ruling by the EU in 1993 extended copyright after death to seventy years which would mean the copyright to Orwell's book will be free again in about 2020.

The final word that sums up the power of this production is left to Cartier: "When Orwell's novel was made into a film nearly a year later, all the directorial skill of Michael Anderson could not recapture the impact of the TV transmission. I had to admit he had to contend with an 'Americanized' script and cast, but the main reason was that the subject could only frighten spectators who were 'conditioned' to experience fear by sitting alone in darkness, and unable to find help or comfort by looking around the mass audience in a modern cinema - where they would feel safe from Big Brother. It was decidely different in the TV viewer's own home, where cold eyes stared from the small screen straight at him, casting into the viewers' heart the same chill that the characters in the play experienced whenever they heard Big Brother's voice coming from their 'watching' TV screens."

Text © Andrew Screen, 2003.

Characters
Portrayed By
Winston Smith
Peter Cushing
O'Brien
Andre Morrell
Julia
Yvonne Mitchell
Syme
Donald Pleasance
Emmanuel Goldstein
Arnold Diamond
Parsons
Campbell Gray
Mrs Parsons
Pamela Grant
Old Man / Thin Prisoner
Wilfrid Brambell
Mr Charrington
Leonard Sachs
Big Brother
Roy Oxley
Narrator
Richard Williams


Radio Times publicity photograph for the play.

TX : Sunday 12th December 1954 with a 2nd performance on Thursday 16th December 1954.
Repeated : 3rd August 1977 and 1st July 1994.

Notes : Cushing would reunite with many of the production team (Nigel Kneale, Barry Learoyd, Rudolph Cartier, Bernard Wilkie) from this programme shortly after when he appeared in the BBC play The Creature. For his work on 1984 Cushing was payed 150 guineas. Cushing recieved The Guild of Television Producers and Directors Best Performance Award for his work on the programme in 1955. In 1964 he appeared in BBC Two's first ever science fiction production The Caves of Steel. He died in August 1994.


Donald Pleasance and Peter Cushing.

The first block of insert filming for the production took place on 10th and 11th November 1954 at Studio B, Alexandria Palace and a nearby park. The rest of prefilming occurred from 18th - 20th November at Lime Grove studios. The BBC planned to repeat the production in 1962 but it was deemed that the quality of the telerecording was not upto broadcast standards and instead produced a new version of the story. Room 101 was named after the office that Orwell worked during his career with the BBC.

The original book by George Orwell was first published in 1948. Orwell died from TB in 1950.

Actor Andre Morell was born in 1909 and would later reunite with Cartier on Kneale when he undertook the role of Professor Bernard Quatermass in 1958's seminal production Quatermass and the Pit. He died in November 1978.

Actress Yvonne Mitchell was born in 1925 and had previously worked with Cartier and Kneale on their production of Wuthering Heights. Other notable genre TV appearances include Out of the Unknown (The Machine Stops) and 1990. She died in 1979 from cancer.



Further Reading: Nick Cooper's excellent essay on the production at 625.